The transformation of a standard cell into most cancers is akin to a sequence response brought on by initial glitches, which compound into a lot more extreme faults, Each and every progressively permitting the cell to escape more controls that limit regular tissue advancement. This rebellion-like situation can be an unwanted survival on the fittest, where the driving forces of evolution operate in opposition to the human body's design and style and enforcement of buy.
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第二步——增生,突变后的细胞及其后代看起来仍然正常,但它们繁殖过多,这种 情况被称为增生。数年后,百万分之一的细胞(粉色)遭受另一种突变,这种突变 进一步放松了对细胞生长的控制。
乙肝病毒、丙肝病毒和某些类型的人乳头瘤病毒可分别增加罹患肝癌和宫颈癌的危险。艾滋病毒感染会使患宫颈癌的风险增加六倍,并还会大幅增加患其他癌症,如卡波西肉瘤的风险。
對於癌症高風險群,例如有家族病史,或是環境汙染(例如輻射屋居民)的人進行基因檢測,可做較深入仔細的檢查分析,服用預防藥物。確定有癌症相關基因突變的人,可藉由預防性的手術,降低癌症機會。
Individuals who endure cancer produce a second Most important most cancers at about twice the speed of These never diagnosed.[208] The increased hazard is 癌症 thought to generally be because of the random prospect of building any most cancers, the chance of surviving the initial most cancers, precisely the same chance things that manufactured the first most cancers, unwelcome side effects of dealing with the 1st most cancers (especially radiation therapy), and superior compliance with screening.[208]
放射治療可用來治療發生在各個部位的固态瘤,包括腦、乳房、子宮頸、咽喉、肺、胰、前列腺、皮膚、胃、子宮或軟組織的肉瘤,治療白血病和淋巴瘤有時也會使用輻射。放射治療所使用的輻射劑量取決於多項因素,例如癌症種類以及是否有可能破壞週遭組織和器官。如同其他的治療方式,放射治療仍然有其副作用存在。
减少接触室外和室内空气污染,包括氡(一种由铀的自然衰变产生的放射性气体,可能在建筑物中,住宅、学校和工作场所积累)。
Decreased expression of DNA repair service genes disrupts DNA repair. This really is demonstrated during the determine in the 4th stage within the top. (In the determine, crimson wording implies the central part of DNA harm and defects in DNA repair service while in the development to cancer.) When DNA repair service is deficient DNA problems continues to be in cells at a higher than typical degree (5th degree) and brings about greater frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (sixth degree).
确定治疗目标是重要的第一步。主要目标通常是治愈癌症或显著延长生命。改善患者的生活质量也是一项重要目标。这可通过为患者提供身体、社会心理和精神健康支持以及在癌症末期提供姑息治疗来实现。
免疫細胞療法是最近這幾年開發的最新技術,原理是直接將大量未分化的樹狀細胞投入腫瘤中或腫瘤周邊的血管中,能迅速且大量的強化樹狀細胞辨識特定癌細胞的能力,使樹狀細胞可在短時間內幫助輔助型T細胞(helper T cell)快速誘導出大量細胞毒殺性T淋巴球(CTL),以攻擊特定癌細胞。目前此項研究已在日本進入臨床試驗階段。
癌細胞擴散至距離原始腫瘤遙遠的器官及組織。此時癌細胞流竄於全身,必需借助循環全身的化學治療藥物治療。安寧照護將是治療選項之一。
戒烟。如果您抽烟,请戒烟。如果您不吸烟,请勿开始抽烟。抽烟与多种癌症有关,而不仅仅是肺癌。立即停止吸烟会降低您将来患癌症的风险。
微量營養素缺乏被認為與癌症有關,但是進行隨機臨床實驗需要眾多人數參與,需時多年才能完成,因此花費也極為昂貴和複雜,所以很少實施。而通常只能以單劑量來做實驗,缺乏其他濃度比較,使得難以評估實際臨床所需的量也是一大問題。